/*************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac Digraph.java
 *  Execution:    java Digraph filename.txt
 *  Dependencies: Bag.java In.java StdOut.java
 *  Data files:   http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/42directed/tinyDG.txt
 *
 *  A graph, implemented using an array of lists.
 *  Parallel edges and self-loops are permitted.
 *
 *  % java Digraph tinyDG.txt
 *  13 22
 *  0: 5 1 
 *  1: 
 *  2: 0 3 
 *  3: 5 2 
 *  4: 3 2 
 *  5: 4 
 *  6: 9 4 0 
 *  7: 6 8 
 *  8: 7 9 
 *  9: 11 10 
 *  10: 12 
 *  11: 4 12 
 *  12: 9 
 *  
 *************************************************************************/



/**
 *  The <tt>Digraph</tt> class represents an directed graph of vertices
 *  named 0 through V-1.
 *  It supports the following operations: add an edge to the graph,
 *  iterate over all of the neighbors incident to a vertex.
 *  Parallel edges and self-loops are permitted.
 *  <p>
 *  For additional documentation,
 *  see <a href="http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/42directed">Section 4.2</a> of
 *  <i>Algorithms, 4th Edition</i> by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 */

public class Digraph {
    private final int V;
    private int E;
    private Bag<Integer>[] adj;
    
   /**
     * Create an empty digraph with V vertices.
     * @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if V < 0
     */
    public Digraph(int V) {
        if (V < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number of vertices must be nonnegative");
        this.V = V;
        this.E = 0;
        adj = (Bag<Integer>[]) new Bag[V];
        for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
            adj[v] = new Bag<Integer>();
        }
    }

   /**
     * Create a digraph from input stream.
     */  
    public Digraph(In in) {
        this(in.readInt()); 
        int E = in.readInt();
        for (int i = 0; i < E; i++) {
            int v = in.readInt();
            int w = in.readInt();
            addEdge(v, w); 
        }
    }

   /**
     * Copy constructor.
     */
    public Digraph(Digraph G) {
        this(G.V());
        this.E = G.E();
        for (int v = 0; v < G.V(); v++) {
            // reverse so that adjacency list is in same order as original
            Stack<Integer> reverse = new Stack<Integer>();
            for (int w : G.adj[v]) {
                reverse.push(w);
            }
            for (int w : reverse) {
                adj[v].add(w);
            }
        }
    }
        
   /**
     * Return the number of vertices in the digraph.
     */
    public int V() {
        return V;
    }

   /**
     * Return the number of edges in the digraph.
     */
    public int E() {
        return E;
    }

   /**
     * Add the directed edge v->w to the digraph.
     * @throws java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException unless both 0 <= v < V and 0 <= w < V
     */
    public void addEdge(int v, int w) {
        if (v < 0 || v >= V) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        if (w < 0 || w >= V) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        adj[v].add(w);
        E++;
    }

   /**
     * Return the list of vertices pointed to from vertex v as an Iterable.
     * @throws java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException unless 0 <= v < V
     */
    public Iterable<Integer> adj(int v) {
        if (v < 0 || v >= V) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        return adj[v];
    }

   /**
     * Return the reverse of the digraph.
     */
    public Digraph reverse() {
        Digraph R = new Digraph(V);
        for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
            for (int w : adj(v)) {
                R.addEdge(w, v);
            }
        }
        return R;
    }

   /**
     * Return a string representation of the digraph.
     */
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
        String NEWLINE = System.getProperty("line.separator");
        s.append(V + " " + E + NEWLINE);
        for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
            s.append(String.format("%d: ", v));
            for (int w : adj[v]) {
                s.append(String.format("%d ", w));
            }
            s.append(NEWLINE);
        }
        return s.toString();
    }

   /**
     * Test client.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        In in = new In(args[0]);
        Digraph G = new Digraph(in);
        StdOut.println(G);

        StdOut.println();
        for (int v = 0; v < G.V(); v++)
            for (int w : G.adj(v))
                StdOut.println(v + "->" + w);
    }

}
